ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objective: The present study investigated the anti-inflammatory effect of the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (Lr) on lung inflammation induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli in C57BL/6 mice. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: control, LPS, Lr (1 day) + LPS, and Lr (14 days) + LPS. Total and differential cells from Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF) were counted in a Neubauer 40X chamber, and pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL-1, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-10) were measured by ELISA assay. The analysis of whole leukocytes in blood was performed using the automated system Sysmex 800i. Morphometry of pulmonary tissue evaluated alveolar hemorrhage, alveolar collapse, and inflammatory cells. Pulmonary vascular permeability was assessed by Evans blue dye extravasation, and bronchoconstriction was evaluated in a tissue bath station. The transcription factor NF-kB was evaluated by ELISA, and its gene expression and TLR-2, TLR-4, MMP-9, MMP-12, and TIMP by PCR. Results: The probiotic Lr had a protective effect against the inflammatory responses induced by LPS. Lr significantly reduced pro-inflammatory cells in the airways, lung parenchyma, and blood leukocytes. Furthermore, Lr reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in BALF and the expression of TLRs, MMPs, and NF-kB in lung tissue and maintained the expression of TIMP in treated animals promoting a protective effect on lung tissue. Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that pre-treatment with the probiotic Lr may be a promising way to mitigate lung inflammation in endotoxemia.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Phototherapy , Achilles Tendon/injuries , Tendinopathy/therapy , Physical Therapy Modalities , Rats, WistarSubject(s)
Humans , Adult , Young Adult , Autonomic Nervous System , Occupational Stress , Airway , Occupational Groups/psychology , Occupational HealthABSTRACT
Several molecular methods, such as Southern blotting hybridization, Multilocus Sequence Typing, and DNA microsatellite analysis, have been employed to genotype Candida albicans. The genotype analysis allows to group strains in clades, that is, a group composed of one ancestor and its descendants. These genotype studies demonstrate that clades distribution is influenced by geographic area as well as that antifungal resistance is associated with particular clades. These findings suggested that C. albicans reproduces mainly in a clonal manner, with certain degree of DNA microevolution. Additionally, virulence factors and site of isolation have also been associated with clade specificity. The present article is a brief review about the methods used for Candida genotyping and the correlated clade systems established. Special emphasis is given to Ca3 hybridization, MLST, and Microsatellites. The present work is also focused on the phenotypic and physiological traits associated with Candida clades.
ABSTRACT
O edema constitui um dos quatro sinais clássicos da inflamação aguda, além do calor, rubor e dor. Trata-se de excesso de líquido no tecido intersticial ou nas cavidades serosas, formado pelo aumento da permeabilidade na microcirculação. A literatura não elucida acerca da aplicação de ultra-som em casos de edema. O objetivo desse trabalho foi de avaliar o efeito do ultra-som terapêutico no edema inflamatório, utilizando o modelo clássico de edema de pata em ratos. A indução do edema foi feita através de uma injeção subplantar de carragenina (1mg/pata), sob anestesia com halotano. O volume da pata foi medido imediatamente antes da injeção e após, com intervalos de uma hora, num total de quatro horas, utilizando um hidroplestimômetro. O tratamento foi feito com aplicação do ultra-som de modo pulsado, com frequência de 3MHz, com intensidade de 0,3W/cm2, durante dois minutos. O cálculo do edema foi feito pela diferença entre o volume inicial da pata (antes da injeção do agente inflamatório) e o volume a cada hora. Os resultados foram expressos como variação do volume da pata (ml) e não apresentaram redução ou aceleração da formação do edema. Concluímos que a aplicação do ultra-som com os parâmetros utilizados, tanto com a técnica de contato direto quanto com a subaquática, não apresentaram resultados terapêuticos